This is before hole cards are dealt, so all 52 cards are in the deck, so our Total Cards is 52.
We are looking for two aces in our hole cards. Since there are four aces in the
deck, we have 4 Outs. We are drawing 2 cards, and we need two of our 4 Outs.
Outs: 4, Required Outs: 2, Cards Drawn: 2, Total Cards: 52. The odds are 220:1 to be dealt Aces (or any specific pocket pair.)
[see it]
Lets say we hold pocket 3's. We want another 3 on the flop. There are two more 3's in the deck, so we have 2 outs. We need one of the remaining 3's on the flop to get a set. There are three cards on the flop, so three cards will be drawn from a total of 50 cards (we hold two of them in our hand already.) You have 7.5:1 odds of flopping a set (or quads). [see it]
Now we want to know, holding a given pocket pair, what are the chances of catching a set by the river card. We are basically adding another two cards to our number of cards drawn. You have 4.2:1 odds of catching a set (or quads). [see it]
We hold pocket 6's. What are the chances of flopping quads. There are two more 6's in the deck (2 outs), we need both of them (required outs.) Three cards on the flop. You have a 407:1 chance of flopping quads. [see it]
Let's say you hold a 7 and 8. There are three more 7's and three more 8's in the deck, you need three of those six outs on the flop. You have a 979:1 shot at it. [see it]
You hold two spades. There are 13 spades in the deck, so there are 11 left. To flop a flush, we must hit three of our 11 outs on the flop. You have 118:1 shot at it. [see it]
You hold two spades, and two more hit the flop. What are the chances of catching at least one more? There are 9 more spades in the deck, we need one of them on the turn or river. We are drawing 2 cards from the remaining 47 in the deck. You have a 1.9:1 chance to hit one (or two) spades. [see it]
You hold two spades, and two more hit the flop. What are the chances of catching the flush on the turn? There are 9 more spades in the deck, we need one of them. We are drawing 1 card from the remaining 47 in the deck. You have a 4.2:1 chance. [see it]
You hold two spades, and two more hit the flop. The turn missed. What are the chances of catching the flush on the river? There are 9 more spades in the deck, we need one of them. We are drawing 1 card from the remaining 46 in the deck. You have a 4.1:1 chance. [see it]
Pick 10 numbers, and catch 6 or more of them. There are always 20 numbers drawn out of 80. You have a 75:1 shot at it. [see it]